Right. It’s not an issue.
There are many kinds and ranges of CV, depending on what they are designed to accomplish.
A typical CV to control Filter is 0 to 5. Out of bound values are ignored, or actually interpreted as either 0 or 5.
A typical LFO waveform, which is a kind of audio waveform is normally + and - . But used as a CV, it does not have to be. For example, processed through the Mixer of a CP-251 with an offset, it can become all negative or all positive and will still do some kind of magic, depending where you send it to.
A pitch CV, as specified in Doepfer is 0 to 5v. I am not sure exactly how Doepfer handles negative voltages in all their modules, but in the Moog world, it can be negative. For example, the range of the pitch CV on the Voyager (assuming 8’ setting I guess) that the 44 notes keyboard covers is -.916V to 2.66V. The rule is simple, add one volt, pitch is one octave higher, substract one volt, pitch is one octave lower. You can always add or substract within the range, sometimes beyond, even if it means going sub-audio or over.
The behavior of a particular device or CV input jack, when out of bounds, depends on design and implementation.
I suggest you download the Voyager user manual and look at the page talking about the VX-351. There’s a table explaining the range for CV’s the unit handles and is a good starting point for understanding CV’s at large.
Edit :
Another example is the Gate CV. Literature says it should be either 0 or 5 volts. That’s the values the Voyager or LP generate when the Gate is Off or On (key pressed). In real life, when fed into a Gate Input, anything below 2v, the gate is off, above, the gate is On. Should you be concerned to fry something if over 5v, as per specification? Actually, NO. The Etherwave Plus generates a trigger On at 10v (like many vintages), yet it is safe to use with the Voyager or LP.